download engineering technical papers: 03/11

The Current Status of the Development and use of Air Cooled Steels for the Automotive Industry

Posted by tpapers On 5:38 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

The market for air cooled steels has matured in the last 10 years. The advantages of these steels, in terms of elimination of heat treatment, reduced distortion, improved machinability and more consistent properties have led to their use in a wide range of automotive components. In Europe, most forgers, working in partnership with steel producers, now have the necessary equipment and expertise to enable cooling after forging to be controlled accurately and reliably. The use of controlled rolling and cooling has also enabled the required mechanical properties to be achieved in bar stock without the need for heat treatment. The paper reviews the grades of microalloyed and carbon manganese steels in current use and the properties of these steels. It considers how these properties can be influenced by the steelmaker through composition adjustment and controlled rolling, and by the forger by control of the forging and cooling conditions. A number of case studies are used to demonstrate these points. Possible future developments of both microalloyed and carbon steels are also reviewed. These include the use of accelerated cooling and the use of higher carbon and nitrogen steels.

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Heat Treatment of Metals: Distortion in Case Carburised Components - the Steelmaker's View

Posted by tpapers On 5:35 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Distortion resulting from heat treatment has a significant effect upon final component costs. Most of the factors which influence distortion behaviour arise during the machining and heat treatment processes and are therefore outside the control of the steelmaker. One important factor which is under the jurisdiction of the steelmaker is hardenability. Consistent hardenability performance can have a significant effect in reducing the variability in distortion. In a number of instances, it has been shown that the macrostructure and as-cast shape of the steel can also influence distortion. Other downstream processing effects, such as forging, may also be influential in these circumstances. This paper gives examples of some of the experiences of British Steel Engineering Steels, with customers and endusers, and refers to relevant published work.

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Development of Reduced Weight and Cost Competitive Steel Forgings for Automotive Applications

Posted by tpapers On 5:29 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Automotive steel forgings are under threat from alternative materials offering either reduced weight (e.g. aluminium) or reduced cost (e g. cast iron). The competition is particularly acute in the chassis, and it is not unusual to find a range of different materials and manufacturing technologies employed within modern suspension systems. British Steel Engineering Steels (BSES) has recognised that Early Vendor Involvement with vehicle manufacturers can be exploited in order to reverse the trend and promote the use of steel forgings. BSES has carried out two demonstration projects with a major vehicle manufacturer, involving two forging companies. One of the projects optimised an existing steel forging and the other successfully demonstrated the replacement of a cast iron component with a steel forging. The projects sought to optimise components in terms of design, manufacturing and materials, using the expertise of all elements of the supply chain and were coordinated by British Steel's Automotive Engineering Group (BS AEG). The results of the projects have shown that there is a significant opportunity to improve the weight and cost competitiveness of steel forgings and thus ensure their continued or extended use in future automotive applications. It has also demonstrated that the steel industry can present a highly credible automotive engineering input to vehicle programmes and become valued partners in those programmes at the earliest opportunity.

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Automotive Supply Chains and the Engineering Steel Supplier

Posted by tpapers On 5:27 pm 1 comments

Abstract:

Corus Engineering Steels (CES) produces approximately 1.5MTpa of engineering steel, over half of which is consumed by the automotive industry, through its associated supply chains. Two of the most significant drivers in the automotive component sector are weight and through-cost reduction. Forged engineering steels face increasing challenges to their dominant role in the automotive engine, transmission and suspension sectors. Not only are alternative materials and competitive processing routes significant elements of that challenge, but so are the globalisation of the automotive industry and progressive rationalisation of component supply chains. Steel suppliers, forgers and other supply chain players must therefore co-operate effectively if engineering steel components are to meet the automotive industry's through-cost, weight, durability, recyclability and other performance expectations. This paper illustrates how, through working closely with its supply chain, involving forgers, machinists and end users, CES has exploited its materials expertise and the component design expertise of Corus colleagues, to develop innovative and effective solutions to the automotive industry's evolving needs.

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Advanced Modeling techniques - Corus 'Forming to Crash'

Posted by tpapers On 5:23 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

When a metal is formed, its material properties change compared to the virgin 'as delivered' material. These changes can have an important effect on the performance of the resulting part in service. Corus has developed advanced techniques to incorporate the new material properties resulting from forming operations into CAE models that predict e.g. Crash or Fatigue behaviour. Presented at the LS-DYNA conference.

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Characterisation and modelling of the plastic material behaviour and its application in sheet metal forming simulation

Posted by tpapers On 5:20 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

The application of simulation models in sheet metal forming in the automotive industry has proven to be beneficial to reduce tool costs at the designing stage and for optimising current processes. Moreover, it is a promising tool for a material supplier to optimise material choice and development for both its final application and its forming capability. The present practice requires a high predictive value of these simulations. A first stage is to implement the improved material models which describe this single strain path behaviour in a better way. Results are compared with predictions using Marciniak-Kuczinsky-analysis with both the new material model and the conventional material model. Finally, the validation on real pressed products is shown by comparing simulation results using different material models with the experimental data. The test required to measure the required material data are described in this conference paper.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT USING RFID

Posted by tpapers On 10:54 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

This paper explores the applications and future commercial impacts of radio frequency identification RFID technology. Its objective is to summarize the ways in which organizations and academics are thinking about these technologies and to stimulate strategic thinking about their possible uses and implications. It first provides an overview of this technology and how it works. Then it explores the surprisingly wide variety of current applications of RFID. Next it looks at several classes of potential RFID applications and how these might affect how organizations work. Finally, it examines the cost and implementation considerations of this technology. The paper concludes that RFID is a viable technology with many possible applications. However, only some of the impacts on organizations and society can be anticipated at present.

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HVDC-TRANSMISSION

Posted by tpapers On 10:42 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

“NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION”. The need for more electric energy due to industrial growth and need for economy due to loses and various other problems in a .c. transmission is called for d .c. transmission system or H.V.D.C system and this paper so entitled make a focus on its major components, economy, losses, applications, merits and demerits. Of all the equipments, the values from the major part, which consists of a large number of series connected thyristors. It performs the major function of conversion from arc to D.C at the sending end and D.C to A.C at the receiving end. The better your maintenance is, the more reliable your system is. So a lot of preventive measures are taken to maintain the values. In a D.C transmission, the cost for the converter stations may be of the same order as the line cost. This system has its application in long distance bulk power transmission, interconnections and high power distribution system feeders.
H.V.D.C system is more economical and advantageous over H.V.A.C in various ways. But H.V.D.C has some disadvantages like convention cost and generation of harmonics. However, efforts are under progress to overcome these disadvantages. Let’s watch out what does H.V.D.C with all its merits and demerits, achieve in the years to come.

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COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SUPERSONIC INLET USING SPIKE

Posted by tpapers On 1:22 am 0 comments

Abstract:

The main thesis of this paper is to analyze the effect of inlet center body (spike) extending forwardly of the cowl inlet capture area of adjustable air inlet of variable geometry, for a supersonic aircraft, to continuously and effectively regulate the incoming air throughout the aircraft operating range of idle, subsonic, sonic and supersonic speeds. This is done by axially translating the inlet center body, for positioning of an external or initial shock wave front such that it extends conically between the apex of the spike and leading edge of the cowl for external

supersonic spillage of the air thereby regulating the engine air mass requirements. The main object is to provide inlet which is adjustable to match engine air flow characteristics while achieving high performance through high pressure recovery and low drag. In this a movable spike is utilized at supersonic speed for regulating both external supersonic low drag spillage and internal throat supersonic diffusion and the results are analyzed using CFX solver computationally.

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POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING POWER ELETRONIC DEVICES

Posted by tpapers On 6:35 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Nowadays, there is an absolute need to supply electric energy, with no faults, to a large number of critical customers. In this context, the concept and the measurement of the power quality is the important issue. Control of most of the industrial loads is mainly based on semiconductor devices, which causes such loads to be more sensitive against power system disturbances. Thus, the power quality problems have gained more interest recently.

This paper presents a review of some the disturbances, on the source side that may cause problems on the load side. Focus is given on problems associated with voltage dips as voltage dips have been reported to be the most severe problems to industrial loads. Solutions towards such problems using power electronics equipment are explored.

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ZEOLITE BASED IMPEDIMETRIC GAS SENSOR DEVICE IN LOW COST TECHNOLOGY FOR HYDROCARBON GAS DETECTION

Posted by tpapers On 6:33 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Due to increasing environmental concerns the need for inexpensive selective gas sensors is increasing. This work deals with transferring a novel zeolite-based impedimetric hydrocarbon gas sensor principle, which has been originally manufactured in a costly combination of photo lithography, thin-film processes, and thick-film processes to a lowcost technology comprising only thick-film processes and one electroplating step. Thesensing effect is based on a thin chromium oxide layer between the interdigital electrodes and a Pt-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite film. When hydrocarbons are present in the sensor ambient, the electrical sensor impedance increases strongly and selectively. In the present work, the chromium oxide film is electroplated on Au screen-printed interdigital electrodes and then oxidized to Cr2O3. The electrode area is covered with the screen-printed zeolite. The sensor device is self-heated utilizing a planar platinum heater on the backside. The best sensor performance is obtained at a frequency of 3 Hz at around 350 °C. The good selectivity of the original sensor setup could be confirmed, but a strong cross-sensitivity to ammonia occurs, which might prohibit its original intention for use in automotive exhausts.

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NANOTECHNOLOGY IN EMPOWERING MILITARY APPLICATIONS

Posted by tpapers On 6:32 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Positional control is fundamental to most manufacturing processes as well as a wide range of other applications. Many types of positional devices have been proposed and used, ranging from robotic arms to Stewart platforms this paper discusses about the usage of nanotechnology in military field and implementing the concept of nanorobotics in the battle fields. Nanotechnology is an enabling technique that could have an impact on the world that dwarfs the internet’s impact on our daily life. Nanotechnology as a rapidly growing era in this decade, including how it could enhance national security, making the soldier more effective in the battle field. Small computers would be embedded in nano equipments and linked into pervasive networks on all levels to contribute to our future security.

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FUME EXTRACTION USING ESP IN WELDING ENVIRONMENT

Posted by tpapers On 12:19 am 0 comments

Abstract:

Welding has become an indispensable metal joining process in fabrication industries. Welding fumes evolved during welding process not only pollute environment, but also cause occupational health problem to the welders.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines welding fumes as potential occupational carcinogens. Welding fumes require more filtrations practically than any other application in industry, so strategy was developed to save environment as well as workers. Fumes with sub micron particle size can be cleaned by filters, fabric collectors, electrostatic precipitator, cyclone separators, and spray towers for purification. A fume extraction system employing ESP (Electro Static Precipitator) is high compare with other air cleaning devices.

This paper focuses on the effectiveness of the fume extractor with an Electrostatic Precipitator used in a welding environment.

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CASE STUDY ON MODERN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (TWIN SPINDLE AUTO DRILLING MACHINE)

Posted by tpapers On 12:16 am 0 comments

Abstract:

Fitness occurs only when accuracy is obtained. In every machine of this world, every part fits with one another perfectly only when the matching holes and cuts come similar or as per the design. Drilling a hole may be a simple operation but it becomes complex as far as accuracy is concerned. Nowadays accuracy is obtained using a programmed machine called as CNC (Computer Numerical Control) or SPM (Special Purpose Machine) for mass production, a vital requirement in an automobile industry. The project titled “Design and Fabrication of Twin Spindle Auto Drilling Machine” falls under this category. It is provided with multi spindle with an adjustable centre distance varying from 50 to 150mm. The drill size may vary from 3mm to 12mm.

Rotary motion of the drill is achieved through motor and linear motion through hydro pneumatic cylinder. Clamping of the component is achieved by pneumatic cylinder. This project provides a better accuracy, repeatability and high productivity against the existing machines, where the drill is done one at a time and tolerance in centre distance is obtained through a jig. As far as the electrical part is concerned, the actuation of the hydro pneumatic cylinder is obtained through a double solenoid 5/2 direction control valve. The motor used is a 3 phase flange mounted type motor with a speed of 1440 rpm which is reduced through a step cone pulley coupled through v-belt. The motor is switched on via an overload contactor for safety. Manual and automatic control options are provided for safe operation. In case of any accidents, for immediate shut off of the system an emergency stop switch is provided. Indicators are provided for motor, cylinder and system on/off condition.

This project is a perfect illustration of what is Mechatronics, how automation can be done and through which how increased productivity can be obtained.

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AUTOMATIC ONLINE QUALITY CONTROL

Posted by tpapers On 11:40 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Accuracy & precision plays a major role in the growth of industries. After the products are completed the dimensions are to be checked individually. It is difficult to check every individual

product manually in a continuous process.

Hence we made an attempt to study experimentally the effect of our project on every individual product to check the dimensions. The acceptations and rejections are depended on the correct size of the product. If the size of the product is under size (or) over size then the individual will be rejected and the acceptance depends only on the correct size of the product. By rejecting the under size and over size product the quality is maintained. Depending on the quality and development of the industry succeeds; experiments are carried under Identical

Conditions.

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LEAN MANUFACTURING

Posted by tpapers On 11:35 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

"Anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, space, and worker's time, which are absolutely essential to add value to the product is waste." These are the words of Mr Fujio Cho of Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan. Lean Manufacturing aims at complete elimination of waste. The apt definition of lean manufacturing can be given as: Lean manufacturing is a Business philosophy that continuously shortens the time between customer order and shipment by eliminating everything that increases the cost and time. The basis of lean manufacturing is Toyota production system which was followed in Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan. The focus at Toyota was the absolute elimination of waste, especially anything that prevented the most optimum flow and assembly of material, from raw material to finished goods. A fundamental waste seen at Toyota — and in every other anufacturing facility in the world — was the overproduction of larger batches than what was needed by the next operation. Lean manufacturing basically involves several types of principles and strategies, some of them commonly used in most of the enterprises. Apart from these several other strategies have been incorporated in most of the manufacturing setups only recently. In this paper presentation the various principles of lean manufacturing and the various benefits that the companies incorporating the 0lean techniques of production generally achieve has been discussed. In addition to these basics, an emphasis on concepts of “Just In Time” or JIT is also given. A case study has also been done on a rubber components manufacturing unit, situated at Mumbai, which incorporates lean manufacturing techniques.

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ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Posted by tpapers On 2:18 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Develop advanced thermal management methods and systems that will allow next-generation power electronics to operate at high heat fluxes and high temperatures in a compact (low volume), lightweight power electronics package. Analyze the cooling and thermal control technology currently used in state-of-the-art insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for high power applications, such as in automotive traction drives. Explore variety of improved options for cooling within given manufacturing constraints. Provide recommendations to manufacturers to accommodate improved flow and thermal behavior of cooling systems. Test and validate improvements when prototypes are available.

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REAL-TIME ROTOR BAR CURRENT MEASUREMENT USING BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY FOR A BRUSHLESS DOUBLY-FED MACHINE (BDFM)

Posted by tpapers On 2:00 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

The Brushless Doubly Fed Machine (BDFM) shows economic promise as a variable speed drive or generator in various fields of Engineering like Industrial Automation, Wind Turbines, etc. The optimization of the machine and model based control strategies both rely on machine models and the experimental verification of these models. To date, dynamic measurement of rotor quantities have not been possible. In our paper, we have presented a novel technique to measure the dynamic rotor bar current of BDFM in real time using a Rogowski Coil, a transducer which detects the change in current and recently developed Bluetooth Wireless Technology to transmit the data from the moving rotor to a computer or any Bluetooth enabled device. The simulation results are also included in our paper and the implementation is at the verge of completion.

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CYBERNETICS REVOLUTION

Posted by tpapers On 1:15 am 0 comments

Abstract:

Necessity is the mother of all inventions. Brain-The Master of our body generates signals in accord with our thoughts and decides every part to perform the desired actions. This paper is a boon to the amputees since it can decrease their encumber. This paper targets in trapping the signals by the use of Brain wave sensor(Sensors that are attached to the scalp in order to monitor the Brain Wave activity in different parts of the brain) and feed the signals to the brain controlled wheelchair. CYBERNETICS Wheelchair is different from the already existing ones. It can encompass activities like Moving, turning etc. The existing models are operated by buttons and joysticks, but the proposed prototype for this paper can respond to Brain signal. Brain waves are obtained from a special analysis of EEG (Electro Encephalo Gram). These brain waves show us the brain's response to an external stimulus or event. Brain activity before, during and after a stimulus presentation is recorded. This allows us to observe where, when and how the brain responds to a given stimulus. Cybernetics wheelchair is being developed in the intention of co-existing with the existing models.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATABILITY

Posted by tpapers On 1:07 am 0 comments

Abstract:

In the field of electrical engineering, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) refers to the ability of an electrical device to work satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without influencing the surrounding devices, or being influenced by the surrounding devices.While analysing the Electromagnetic compatability it is found that there is a noise souce which affects the sink through the coupling path.Various types of coupling are radiative,capacitive,inductive and conductively coupling.Due to EMC there arises some disturbances.These disturbances mainly affects the supply, signal line and the ground.In EMC design various measures are taken to avoid unnecessary switching operations which affect the circuit.Inorder to rectify the problems occuring due to interference the EMC design in Automotive sytem is essential. Automotive EMC expert systems monitor the design of an automobile to identify potential EMC problems as soon as they arise. The problems due to Electric and Magnetic fields are solved by using shielding, proper grounding and isolation.

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A CONCEPT OF I.C. ENGINE WITH HOMOGENEOUS COMBUSTION IN A POROUS MEDIUM

Posted by tpapers On 1:44 am 2 comments

Abstract:

The advantages of homogeneous combustion in internal combustion (I.C.) engines are well known and many research groups all over the world are working on its practical realization. A new combustion concept that fulfils all requirements to perform homogeneous combustion in I.C. engines using the Porous Medium Combustion Engine, called “PM-engine” has been proposed. This is an I.C. engine with the following processes realized in a porous medium: internal heat recuperation, fuel injection and vaporization, mixing with air, homogenization, 3D thermal self-ignition followed by a homogeneous combustion. The main features of the PM-engine are the following:

i) Very low emissions level due to homogeneous combustion and controlled temperature in the PM-combustion zone (e.g. NOx between 100 and 300 mg/kWh for the (A/F) ratio from 1 to 5); CO can be reduced by several times (almost eliminated soot formation). ii) Theoretically higher cycle efficiency due to similarity to the Carnot cycle. iii) Very low combustion noise due to significantly reduced pressure peaks. iv) Nearly constant and homogeneous combustion temperature field in the PM volume. v) Very fast combustion.

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INVESTIGATION ON A LPG -DIESEL DUAL FUEL ENGINE

Posted by tpapers On 1:40 am 1 comments

Abstract:

In this study a conventional diesel engine assembly is modified to work in the dual fuel mode with LPG as primary fuel and diesel as the pilot fuel. In this work, tests were conducted on a TEXVEL four stroke single cylinder diesel engine running with LPG in dual fuel mode of operation with diesel. Work reported is an attempt to study the extent to which LPG can be carbureted through manifold induction in a diesel engine. The investigation has been conducted to obtain brake thermal efficiency, emissions and total fuel consumption at various diesel substitutions and outputs.

There is an increase in the brake thermal efficiency from 40.4% in the diesel mode to 43.8% in the dual fuel mode at full load due to a rise in the combustion rate. However poor ignition leads to a drop in the brake thermal efficiency and increase in hydrocarbon and CO levels at low loads particularly with high diesel substitutions. It is seen that the CO levels reduce in the dual fuel mode with increase in the diesel substitution up to an output of full load. It is also noticed that the unburnt HC emission reduces from 810 parts per million (PPM) to 710 PPM with the dual fuel mode at full load.

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CRYOGENIG LIQUID NITROGEN

Posted by tpapers On 9:26 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Now the world is filled with automobiles of various types from a small two-wheeler to huge trucks, but the soul of those engines are the fuels what we are using. From the olden days onwards we use only the fossil fuels, we are using still now but the major disadvantage of those fuels are the pollution caused by them and their availability. Now our world is under the pressure of pollution, though there may be many reasons for pollutions, the major amount was contributed by automobiles and this fossil fuel are non-renewable resource and we know that this would available only for 30-40 years. So our scientists are searching for renewable resource as fuel for engines and moreover pollution free.

This paper deals about using liquid nitrogen as a fuel for the future world. Yes of course using of nitrogen which is very abundant (78%) in our atmosphere. The technique of liquefying the nitrogen gas by the process of “CRYOGENISIS” and using it as a fuel. The major advantage of using this fuel is pollution free (ZERO EMISSION VEHICHLE). Since the exhaust of this engine is again a nitrogen gas. So within few years we can see the automobiles that are propelled by liquid nitrogen and we can make a pollution free world.

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ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN AS I.C. ENGINE FUEL AND THEORETICAL MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED IN A HYDROGEN IC ENGINE

Posted by tpapers On 11:14 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Hydrogen is seen as a viable fuel alternate and its development work is carried-out under two sects, viz., fuel cells and Hydrogen IC Engines. While the researches on Fuel cell technology have borne fruit through co-ordination and integration, Hydrogen IC Engine researches are isolated to discrete domains.

This paper is an analysis paper focusing on evaluation of Hydrogen as a fuel for IC Engine. Besides introducing Hydrogen as IC Engine fuel, the technical feasibilities of various technologies under research have been analyzed and a theoretical IC Engine working on Hydrogen has been evolved. The right combination of features of the engine has been selected through the available literature on this subject and expert opinions. The various areas analyzed include properties of Hydrogen, combustion properties of hydrogen, design and Modeling aspects of Hydrogen IC Engines. Further a discussion on various applications of this technology has been done. This work of analysis leaves openings for continuation as in the form of simulations and practical analyses.

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SUGARCANE LEAF-BAGASSE GASIFIERS FOR INDUSTRIAL HEATING APPLICATIONS

Posted by tpapers On 11:11 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

In developing countries like India use of petrol fuels like furnace oil or light diesel oil to meet the thermal energy demands of industries places a heavy burden on the economy. Use of producer gas from indigenously available agricultural residues is an attractive alternative. This paper reports the commercial scale (1080 MJ h-1) development of a low-density biomass gasification system for thermal applications. The gasifier can handle fuels like sugarcane leaves and bagasse, bajra stalks, sweet sorghum stalks and bagasse etc. The system was tested for more than 700 hours under laboratory conditions at 288-2080 MJ h-1 output levels. The HHV of the gas was 3.56-4.82 MJ Nm-3. The system also produces char. Which is about 24% by which of the original fuel? It can be briquetted to for, an excellent fuel for wood stoves or can be used as a soil conditioner. After successful laboratory testing, the system was also tested in a metallurgical company. Where it was retrofitted to a specialty ceramics baking LDO –fired furnace. The furnace was operated exclusively on the gasification system and the product quality was on par with, if not better than, that obtained during LDO-fired operation. The economics of the system is also presented in this paper.

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SPLIT CYCLE IC ENGINE

Posted by tpapers On 11:05 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

The Split-Cycle Engine changes the heart of the conventional engine by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage.The gas passage includes a set of uniquely timed valves, which maintain a precharged pressure through all four strokes of the cycle. Shortly after the piston in the power cylinder reaches its top dead center position, the gas is quickly transferred to the power cylinder and fired (or combusted) to produce the power stroke. Split-cycle internal combustion engine claims have the potential to double fuel efficiency for same size engine, while reducing the manufacturing price by up to 50% which includes a built in dedicated compressor. Rather than using batteries and electric motors/generators to harness braking energy, the engine uses the air compressor.A split cycle engine includes a novel compressor apparatus driven by the combustion engine, a closed-cycle refrigeration system in cooperation with the compressor apparatus, and a pneumatic motor driven by compressed air from the compressor apparatus. Refrigerant in the compressor absorbs thermal energy from compressed air and assists in compressing the air. High-pressure air from the compressor is stored in a storage tank and may be used to drive the pneumatic motor or other auxiliary equipment in addition to providing high-pressure combustion air for the internal combustion engine.

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COMPARISON OF FUEL FLOW PATTERN IN FUEL INJECTOR USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Posted by tpapers On 1:30 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

In a day by day price exacerbation of petroleum, jatropha bio-fuel can be used in lace of fossil fuel. While the diesel engine using this fuel, it is necessary that the life time and the safety of the nozzle to be safeguarded. For the better data comparison, numerical method of analysis (CFD) is required to compare the experimental values in terms of pressure, velocity, stresses on walls and strains. The flow pattern of 100% diesel in fuel injector is studied with experimental values in CFD and compared with the blend of 20% jatropha and 80% diesel flow pattern to find the optimum design. Then the optimum design is tested in the running conditioned diesel engine. In this paper, the results of the analysis are to be presented only from the point of “Optimum design spray pattern of 20 % bio-fuel blend with 80 % diesel is comparable to spray pattern of 100 % diesel in the fuel injector”.

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Performance and Emission Analysis of Bio Diesel Operated CI Engine

Posted by tpapers On 3:49 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

A theoretical model was developed to evaluate the performance characteristics, combustion parameters and emissions of vegetable oil esters like Jatropha, Mahua and Neem Oil esters. The predicted results of these fuels are compared with Experimental result of diesel fuel. From the results, it is found that the heat release and work done are reduced by about 4% for Jatropha, 5% for Mahua and 8% for Neem oil esters when compared to diesel. The harmful pollutants such as HC, CO, NO_Xand smoke are reduced in the vegetable oil esters compared to diesel fuel. From the investigation, it is concluded that the performance of vegetable oil esters are good. Thus the developed model is highly compatible for simulation work with bio diesel as an alternative fuel.

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AERO HYDRO DYNAMIC POWER PLANT

Posted by tpapers On 2:41 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

India, a rapidly industrializing nation with massive rates of population growth in all sectors due to immigration and demographic shifts, is usually vulnerable in terms of energy supply. Current trends in energy usage in India, were they to continue, would prove exorbitantly expensive, economically unviable in the long run, and environmentally unsound. The obvious question for India, now is “ how best to improve its energy independence and conservation measures, continue to meat the needs of its growing economy, and at the same time work towards long-term economical and environmental sustainability. While other alternative energy sources have been developed, industrial and domestic demands have out spaced internal production of energy. The high rates of growth in demand and the political vulnerability have let India to pursue publicly funded, governmentally initiated mandates to investigate energy conservation and production, largely through ministry of energy. Despite calls to conserve, however, rates of demand are sky rocketing, with large growth in industry, commerce and domestic usage. This paper deals with Eco-friendly concept of generating clean energy from the atmospheric wind by artificially manipulating its humidity and thermal gradients, which is relatively new concept. The comparison between other sources of energy is also given in the paper. The suitability of this power plant in India is also explored in this paper. And the sources of water for the site are also suggested.

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SILVER AND NICKEL COATING

Posted by tpapers On 2:37 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

The present study was aimed at ascertaining the benefits of employing catalysts in the combustion chamber of an SI engine. In our study we have tried to combine the concept of catalytic coating and lean burn to improve performance of an SI engine. The literature study has revealed that there is enormous potential for catalytic coatings in the automotive engines.

We have chosen 150CC BAJAJ engine in our study because these petrol engines are one of the greatest monsters that could demolish the atmosphere. In our investigation we have used a silver catalyst in 100CC engine and nickel catalyst in 150CC engine. Experiments were conducted using state-of-the-art instrumentation comprising of PC based engine combustion analyzer equipment and exhaust analyzer.

The lean combustion of an SI engine has been recognized as one of the most promising method of further improvement of fuel economy. According to automotive pollution point of view, exhaust emissions as NOx, CO &HC are reduced because of abundance of oxygen and lowering of peak temperature.

As the result of coating of catalysts such as nickel and silver the Brake thermal efficiency of the engine has been increased by nearly 10% to 30%

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EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TYRE PYROLYSIS OIL AS AN ENERGY SOURCE FOR DIESEL ENGINES

Posted by tpapers On 2:35 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

This paper describes an experimental study of using tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) obtained from waste automobile tyres by vacuum pyrolysis method, as a fuel in diesel engine. In this work,

performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder water cooled diesel engine running on TPO diesel reference fuel (RF) blends in steps of 20% on volume basis of TPO, viz.TPO20 up to TPO70 were used as fuels and the results compared with diesel operation. Results indicated that reliable operation can be achieved up to 70% of TPO diesel blends. Thermal efficiencies were lower compared to diesel operation. Higher smoke, HC and CO

emissions were recorded in the experimentation. Oil sticking was occasionally found on the nozzle stem and sac. There was no corrosion in the injection system after running the engine with TPO–RF blends.

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GRID VOLTAGE SUPPORT AGAINST VOLTAGE INSTABILITY

Posted by tpapers On 2:30 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Short-term voltage instability/fast voltage collapse or unacceptably slow voltage recovery is a growing industry problem. We have described the problem, the mechanism of voltage collapse, and its consequences. As we have taken low inertia induction motors that are mainly used in air-conditioners as the preluding factor when accidental multi-phase short circuit taken place in parallel feeder. So the detailed performance characteristics of induction motor, which impede the voltage recovery and rapid decline of system voltage, are described. Even though the tripping by primary relay system partially recovers the voltage, inadequate reactive power support aggravate the voltage profile, and entire system is completely shut down and system has to be restarted. To avoid the massive power loss the dynamic reactive power is injected by innovative super conductorised rotor laid synchronous motor, which is discussed in detailed as a solution.

Synchronous condensers are an attractive source of dynamic VARs (both inductive and capacitive) to improve system stability and maintain voltages under varying load conditions and contingencies. A synchronous condenser is a rotating machine that runs synchronized with the grid. Its field is controlled with a voltage regulator to either generate or absorb reactive power as needed by the power system. Dynamic Superconducting Condenser (DSC) machines upgrade existing technology by using a conventional armature mated with a field winding made from High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) wires. The result is a DSC that is both more efficient and has lower maintenance than conventional machines. It can provide up to 8 pu current for short periods to support transient VAR requirements. It supports the grid as infinite reactive power source for a short time to prevent voltage collapse.

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RECYCLING OF GLASS FIBER COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Posted by tpapers On 3:22 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Because of increasing environmental demands, especially on dealing with products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminum well-functioning recycling methods exists. This is not the case for structures of polymer composites, which are used more extensively, especially for structures like vehicles and vessels. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration.

Polymer composites are materials, which consist of several materials like fiber, matrix, and additives. This circumstance complicates the Waste treatment of composite materials. Our project deals with Mechanical materials recycling model which is meant to be used as an aid for preparing future disposal of composite materials. In this method certain amount of virgin material is replaced by composite material for specimen fabrication. The sample is tested in UTM to study the mechanical properties and its values are compared against the specimen prepared from virgin material. Generally when recycled material replaces virgin material, mechanical properties such as stiffness and strength are reduced. However by replacing virgin material, 20% of recycled material prove to have lower weight with comparable mechanical properties to virgin alternative.

Many investigations have pointed out material recycling as the best alternative considering environmental effects. This is also valid for polymer composite materials. Since recycling thermoset composite it is important to acquirecomprehensive information about the constituents of these materials.

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INTELIGENT VEHICLE SYSTEM

Posted by tpapers On 1:39 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Our idea gives new plans about implementation of multiple technologies and provide a wide range of application inside the vehicle so that you could drive safely and securely.This idea is to reduce the occurrences of road accidents, traffic congestion and make traveling safe.

In our day to day life the numbers of road accidents are increasing tremendously .This accidents are due to some most common reasons, those are drunken drivers drowsy drivers, poor road infrastructure, over riding, delay in applying brakes etc. Taking all this reasons into consideration, a new vehicle named intelligent vehicle system has to be developed which holds all the features in order to overcome these causes of road accidents.

Imagine a world, where you drive your car with lighting stereo effects of course it will be good on hearing and you find accidents no where even in your dream. Unfortunately it can take place only if our idea is implemented completely. We have come with the great solution, to prevent the accidents taking place to the knook and corner of the world. By the end of this paper we do assure that you all people would be imaging about the techniques and its importance to prevent accidents.

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ADVANCEMENTS IN CAR SAFETY FEATURES

Posted by tpapers On 1:36 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Car safety has become a major issue these days. It is estimated that 70% of the total fatalities in India is because of road accidents. With this thought in mind, car makers are working hard to enhance safety measures for the driver as well as the occupants. They have recently come up with various innovations and advancements in car safety features. These innovations and advancements can be found in most of the new cars. Here are some of the recent improvements and advancements in car safety features.

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HYBRID VEHICLE

Posted by tpapers On 1:34 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Considering that we live in a very mobile society, it's probably safe to assume that you have. While pumping gas, you've undoubtedly noticed how much the price of gas has soared in recent years. Gasoline, which has been the main source of fuel for the history of cars, is becoming more and more expensive and impractical (especially from an environmental standpoint). But cost is not the only problem with using gasoline as our primary fuel. It is also damaging to the environment, and since it is not a renewable resource, it will eventually run out. These factors are leading car manufacturers to develop cars fueled by alternative energies. One possible alternative is the air-powered car. There are at least two ongoing projects that are developing a new type of car that will run on compressed air. One among them is the e.Volution Cars.

After more than thirty years experience with combustion engines, the French engineer Guy Negre has developed a concept of a totally non-polluting engine for use in urban areas. This invention, which uses high pressure (300 bar) compressed air to store the energy needed for running the engine. When the air is injected into the cylinder chamber, it expands to provide motive power. Oddly, the problem with a conventional four-stroke engine is that compression, combustion and expansion all take place in a single cylinder. But here the engine divides these functions into a three-chamber system, with one cylinder for compression, a small chamber for combustion and a much larger cylinder for expansion.

Zero Pollution Motors is also working on a hybrid version of their engine that can run on traditional fuel in combination with air. Mono-energy engine have demonstrated the viability of the new concept, the air and fuel, bi-energy, engine will be introduced to major car manufacturers in order to study its adaptation for their common models.

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ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL FOR AUTOMOBILES

Posted by tpapers On 6:45 pm 0 comments

Abstract:

Every minute, on an average, at least one person dies in a crash. Even the latest advances in the fields of science and technology we have developed safety systems, such as air bags and seat belts, which save tens and thousands of people. But the ultimate solution, and the only one that will save far more lives and limbs, is to keep the cars away from crashing.

Adaptive cruise control {ACC) is an expansion of the existing cruise control systems , which in general maintain the vehicle speed through a link in the vehicle power train. With the help of this ACC, we not only sense the occurrence of a collision, instead we can even minimize the effect of a collision or altogether prevent the collision itself.

Here, we can always maintain a set head way distance between the host & the preceding vehicle. Thus by always maintaining a certain distance between the two vehicles we can avoid the collision. In order to do so, it will control the host vehicle speed by activating the throttle valve or by applying brakes, under the control the processor.

It involves a millimeter wave radar technology that promises to make driving easier. If we are able to incorporate Global Positioning System {GPS} along with adaptive cruise control, then there comes a day where Driverless automobiles will become a reality.

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM IN 4 – WHEELERS FOR AVOIDING ACCIDENTS

Posted by tpapers On 1:16 am 0 comments

Abstract:

Many accidents are at least partially caused because of the rash driving. This can happen due to many reasons: poor judgement on the part of the driver, poor driving of the driver. Once the driver has lost control it is very difficult to drive the vehicle.

To avoid rash driving and to prevent loosing of valuable property we need some safety systems in the vehicles. We can make this true by controlling the flow of fuel to the Engine using sensors and other mechanical arrangements and this can bring the vehicle to the intended course. This simple system provides safety, and avoids rash driving in highly populated regions.

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ADVANCES IN AUTOMOBILE BREAKING

Posted by tpapers On 1:13 am 0 comments

Abstract:

This study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of antilock brake system (ABS) technology on motorcycles in reducing real-life injury crashes and to mitigate injury severity. The study comprised an analysis of in-depth fatal crash data in Sweden during 2005-2008 to investigate the potential of ABS as well an estimate of the effectiveness of ABS in crash reduction in Sweden between 2003 and 2008 using induced exposure methods. Findings show that head-on collisions were the least ABS-affected crash types and collisions at intersections the most influenced. Induced exposure analysis showed that the overall effectiveness of ABS was 38 percent on all crashes with injuries and 48 percent on all severe and fatal crashes, with a minimum effectiveness of 11 and 17 percent, respectively. The study recommends the fitment of ABS on all new motorcycles as soon as possible and that customers only purchase motorcycles with ABS.

Keywords: ABS brakes; Antilock brakes; Crash; Effectiveness; Injury; Motorcyclist

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RECENT TRENDS IN I.C. ENGINE AND AUTOMOBILES

Posted by tpapers On 1:10 am 0 comments

Abstract:

This paper brings out the performance of the “hydrogen engine”. The onset of increase in the automobile led to exploitation of fossil fuels, which result in environmental problems such as pollution and greenhouse effect. Due to constant increase in depletion of fossil fuels and its consequent effect on the environment and ecology. The alternative fuel research becomes the main purpose now a days. Hydrogen fuel is coming to the front of interest of experts from whole of the world. This paper deals with the use of hydrogen as an energy source for mobile machines or engines.

A hydrogen engine vehicle is an automobile, which uses hydrogen as its primary source of power. There is no change in the operation of vehicle; it works like a traditional gasoline engine. The specialized fuel injection system is to be needed. Hydrogen is obtained by separating the hydrogen from oxygen with in the water by using electrolysis process. However it needs energy like electricity. The power and torque developed by hydrogen engine is same as that of gasoline engines.

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EMISSION CONTROL USING OXYGEN SENSOR IN AUTOMOBILES

Posted by tpapers On 1:09 am 0 comments

Abstract:

Today's computerized engine control systems rely on inputs from a variety of sensors to regulate engine performance, emissions and other important functions. The sensors must provide accurate information otherwise drivability problems, increased fuel consumption and emission failures can result.

One of the key sensors in this system is the oxygen (O2) sensor. It is often referred to as the "O2" sensor because O2 is the chemical formula for oxygen (oxygen atoms always travel in pairs, never alone). The O2 sensor is mounted in the exhaust manifold to monitor how much unburned oxygen is in the exhaust as the exhaust exits the engine. Monitoring oxygen levels in the exhaust is a way of gauging the fuel mixture. It tells the computer if the fuel mixture is burning rich (less oxygen) or lean (more oxygen).

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REVERSE GEAR ASSISTANCE FOR TWO/ THREE WHEELERS

Posted by tpapers On 1:06 am 0 comments

Abstract:

At present, there is no system available to back the vehicle. At times when the front wheel gets into a trench it is very difficult to take the vehicle from parking. Even normal people face much problem to take the vehicle out of the parking at that time. Incase of the handicapped people who drive two wheelers with extra support wheels, face much problem to take the vehicle out of the parking by pushing the vehicle with legs as we do. In order to take the vehicle out of the parking they need to seek others help or they should push it out of the parking. As a help to them we have designed a gear box which will be fit to the vehicle without altering the existing gear box. The paper deals with the design of such a gear box and the assembly process of the gear box to the vehicle. The design deals with the conditions of the gear box operation, and the design of the gear box based on easy assembly and easy manufacturing at low cost.

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